The Aztec Calendar Stone - Not a Calendar After All

The Aztec Calendar Stone - Not a Calendar After All The Aztec Calendar Stone, better referred to in the archeological writing as the Aztec Sun Stone (Piedra del Sol in Spanish), is a tremendous basalt plate secured with hieroglyphic carvings of schedule signs and different pictures alluding to the Aztec creation legend. The stone, as of now in plain view at the National Museum of Anthropology (INAH) in Mexico City, quantifies about 3.6 meters (11.8 feet) in measurement, is about 1.2 m (3.9 ft) thick and gauges in excess of 21,000 kilograms (58,000 pounds or 24 tons). Aztec Sun Stone Origins and Religious Meaning The alleged Aztec Calendar Stone was not a schedule, yet doubtlessly a formal holder or special stepped area connected to the Aztec sun god, Tonatiuh, and celebrations committed to him. At its inside is what is commonly deciphered as the picture of the god Tonatiuh, inside the sign Ollin, which implies development and speaks to the remainder of the Aztec cosmological periods, the Fifth Sun. Tonatiuhs hands are delineated as paws holding a human heart, and his tongue is spoken to by a stone or obsidian blade, which demonstrates that a penance was required so the sun would proceed with its development in the sky. At Tonatiuhs sides are four boxes with the images of the former periods, or suns, alongside the four directional signs. Tonatiuhs picture is encircled by an expansive band or ring containing calendrical and cosmological images. This band contains the indications of the 20 days of the Aztec hallowed schedule, called Tonalpohualli, which, joined with 13 numbers, made up the sacrosanct 260-day year. A second external ring has a lot of boxes each containing five dabs, speaking to the five-day Aztec week, just as triangular signs presumably speaking to sun beams. At last, the sides of the circle are cut with two fire snakes which transport the sun god in his every day entry through the sky. Aztec Sun Stone Political Meaning The Aztec sun stone was committed to Motecuhzoma II and was likely cut during his rule, 1502-1520. A sign speaking to the date 13 Acatl, 13 Reed, is obvious on the outside of the stone. This date compares to the year 1479 AD, which, as indicated by prehistorian Emily Umberger is a commemoration date of a politically critical occasion: the introduction of the sun and the resurrection of Huitzilopochtli as the sun. The political message for the individuals who saw the stone was clear: this was a significant year of resurrection for the Aztec domain, and the rulers option to control comes straightforwardly from the Sun God and is implanted with the consecrated intensity of time, directionality, and penance. Archeologists Elizabeth Hill Boone and Rachel Collins (2013) concentrated on the two groups which outline a success scene more than 11 foe powers of the Aztecs. These groups incorporate sequential and rehashing themes that show up somewhere else in Aztec workmanship (swore on bones, heart skull, packs of fuel, and so forth.) which speak to death, penance, and contributions. They recommend that the themes speak to petroglyphic petitions or appeals promoting the accomplishment of the Aztec armed forces, recitations of which may have been a piece of the services which occurred close by the Sun Stone. Elective Interpretations In spite of the fact that the most pervasive understanding of the picture on the Sun Stone is that of Totoniah, others have been proposed. During the 1970s, a couple of archeologists recommended that the face was not Totoniahs yet rather that of the invigorate earth Tlateuchtli, or maybe the substance of the night sun Yohualteuctli. Neither of these recommendations has been acknowledged by most of Aztec researchers. American epigrapher and classicist David Stuart, who commonly spends significant time in Maya pictographs, has recommended that it likely could be an exalted picture of the Mexica ruler Motecuhzoma II. A pictograph at the highest point of the stone names Motecuhzoma II, deciphered by most researchers as a dedicatory engraving to the ruler who charged the ancient rarity. Stuart takes note of that there are other Aztec portrayals of administering rulers in the pretense of divine beings, and he recommends that the focal face is a combined picture of both Motecuhzoma and his supporter god Huitzilopochtli. History of the Aztec Sun Stone Researchers deduce that the basalt was quarried some place in the southern bowl of Mexico, in any event 18-22 kilometers (10-12 miles) south of Tenochtitlan. After its cutting, the stone more likely than not been situated in the formal area of Tenochtitln, laid on a level plane and likely close to where custom human penances occurred. Researchers propose that it might have been utilized as a hawk vessel, a storehouse for human hearts (quauhxicalli), or as a base for the last penance of a gladiatorial warrior (temalacatl). After theâ conquest, the Spanish moved the stone a couple hundred meters south of the region, in a position confronting upward and close to the Templo Mayor and the Viceregal Palace. At some point between 1551-1572, the strict authorities in Mexico City chose the picture was an awful impact on their residents, and the stone was covered looking down, covered up inside the hallowed area of Mexico-Tenochtitlan. Rediscovery The Sun Stone was rediscovered in December 1790, by laborers who led leveling and repaving take a shot at Mexico Citys principle court. The stone was pulled to a vertical position, where it was first inspected by archeologists. It remained there for a half year presented to the climate, until June of 1792, when it was moved into the house of prayer. In 1885, the circle was moved to the early Museo Nacional, where it was held in the solid gallerythat venture was said to have required 15 days and 600 pesos. In 1964 it was moved to the new Museo Nacional de Anthropologia in Chapultepec Park, that venture just taking 60 minutes, 15 minutes. Today it is shown on the ground floor of the National Museum of Anthropology, in Mexico City, inside the Aztec/Mexica display room. Altered and refreshed by K. Kris Hirst. Sources: Berdan FF. 2014. Aztec Archeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press. Boone EH, and Collins R. 2013. The Petroglyphic Prayers on the . Old Mesoamerica 24(02):225-241.un Stone of Motecuhzoma IlhuicaminaS Smith ME. 2013. The Aztecs. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Stuart D. 2016. The Face of the Calendar Stone: A New Interpretation. Maya Decipherment: June 13, 2016. Umberger E. 2007. Workmanship History and the Aztec Empire: Dealing With the Evidence of Sculptures. Revista Espaã ±ola de Antropologã ­a American 37:165-202 Van Tuerenhout DR. 2005. The Aztecs. New Perspectives. Santa Clause Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO Inc.

Learning outcome Essay Example for Free

Learning result Essay 1.1 clarify own job and obligations and limits of own job as an instructor . Compose an exposition clarify the your job and obligations including the constraints of your instructing job. Word constrained (200) 1.2 Identify key parts of important current authoritative prerequisites and codes of training inside a particular setting - The understudy will compose an exposition clarifying the NEW STANDARDS FOR TEACHERS AND TRAINERS. Clarifying the new measures anticipated, including subtleties of Health and Safety. Cause a rundown of area where you to can look into changes to your subject theme including subtleties of area and the technique for inquire about. 1.3 distinguish different purposes of referral accessible to meet the potential needs of understudies - Draw a psyche map for your favored learning style and incorporate it inside your portfolio. 1.4 distinguish issues of equity and assorted variety and approaches to advance incorporation - Define uniformity and decent variety. - What does the term comprehensive mean? (100 words) Place duplicates of equivalent open doors approaches from various organizations if your organization doesn't have any. - Write a short article disclosing the significance to address the issues of qualify , decent variety and consideration inside your preparation territory. (200 word) 1.5 Explain the need of record keeping. Compose an intelligent piece clarifying how you feel about keeping paper work and record keeping. (200) 2.0 comprehend fitting educating and learning approaches in the expert territory. 2.1 Identify and show pertinent methodologies for a pro educating zone. - Write a concise article clarifying the methodologies for an expert educating zone. (200) 2.2 Explain approaches to install components of useful abilities in the authority zone. - regarding an encounter educator you have recently seen in your authority region. Clarify how your educator can stay up with the latest with their training practice in their authority instructing region? In what manner can your showing join correspondence and numeracy? 2.3 Justify the choice of educating and learning approaches for a pro meeting. in intelligent piece clarify an instructing meeting that you have conveyed and the explanation you have utilized an educating drawn closer. On the off chance that you are not instructing as of now, clarify an in structing approach that you have seen for a particular meeting. 3.0 Demonstrate meeting arranging abilities. 3.1 Plan an educating and learning meeting which addresses the issues of individual understudies. - complete a full showing arrangement for the smaller scale educating meeting. (introduction) 3.2 Justify choice of assets for a particular meeting. - Write a concise article of (100) clarifying the purpose behind the utilization of explicit assets inside your instructing meeting. 4 Understand how to convey comprehensive meetings which rouse understudies. 4.1 Explain approaches to set up standard procedures with understudies which support proper conduct and regard for other people. Compose a concise explanation clarifying techniques for building up clear standard procedures . Give an instances of a guidelines list. 4.2 utilize a scope of suitable and successful instructing and learning ways to deal with connect with and persuade understudies. Input sheets for different understudies 4.3 Explain and exhibit great practice in give criticism Complete a paper clarifying great practice and instances of terrible practice. 4.4 Communicate fittingly and adequately with understudies. duplicate of the input from lead guidelines and interior Verifier. 4.5 Reflect on and assess the adequacy of own educating. Complete a reflection on the compelling of the instructing technique utilized and the manners in which you can improve your educating rehearses. 5 comprehend the utilization of various appraisal techniques and the need of record keeping. 5.1 Identify diverse evaluation strategies - Write a reflection piece on the kind of appraisal you have encountered during your preparation time and school understanding and the techniques that have been compelling and ineffectual. (200 words) 5.2 Explain the utilization of appraisal strategies in various settings, including reference to introductory evaluation. - Write an exposition clarifying the utilization of evaluation strategies and the various occasions you would utilize this strategy including subtleties of introductory appraisal before beginning a course. Counting subtleties of the kinds of evaluation that are reasonable for various territories. How might you utilize this evaluation procedures be utilized to appraisal student progress. 5.3 Explain the requirement for record keeping according to appraisal. - Briefly clarify the requirement for record keeping because of the reality and relationship of the granting bodies and the prerequisite of tractability of all archive and procedures.

What is Deviance Essay - 1650 Words

What is Deviance? (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Instructor:Subject:Date of SubmissionWhat is Deviance?IntroductionSociologists have discussed topics that affect our society for a long time. It follows that scholars in the field can gain knowledge by reviewing previous publications on different subjects. One topic that interests sociologists is deviance. This owes to the reality that scholars such as Stuber et al., (2008) and Andersen et al., (2008) made publications on the topic in question. What is deviance? The term deviance identifies an unacceptable or odd behavior within a society. The term is also used in sociology to connote any violation of societal norms. It is notable that every society has identified standards for deviance. For instance, Hindus believe that a cow is a holy animal and cannot be killed. On the contrary, Christians kill cattle for food. It follows that deviant behavior varies depending on different societies. This paper explains the meaning of deviance by focusing on the definition of deviance to help sociologists appreciate its nature, causes, and effects.The Nature of Deviance According to Stuart (106), deviance behavior always attracts attention from members of the society. In fact, the media always exaggerates the attention especially when it involves celebrities. It is also notable that deviance may be categorized as positive or negative deviances, which are exact opposites of each other. For further elucidation, negative deviance occurs when a deviant member of the society fails to meet the norms. It is critical that people exhibiting negative deviance are oblivious of societal norms, reject societal norms, or misinterpret societal norms. In contrast, positive deviance occurs when an individual over conforms to societal norms, which results extreme perfectionism. It follows that people who exhibit positive deviance are unlikely to conform to societal expectations because they rarely lower their standards. In contrast, people who portray negative deviance al ways improve especially when they are ignorant about societal expectations of them. It is critical that sociologists use different theories to help them understand deviance. Some of the theories used explain deviance include the strain theory, the labeling theory, the control theory, and the differential association theory. It is critical that Merton used Emil Durkheim concept to invent and explain the strain theory. According to Emil Durkheim, cited in Stuart (109), anomie is a social condition where societal norms are conflicting, weak, or absent. This is because lack of shared norms results in disorganized societies. The theory argues that deviance results from a gap in culturally desirable goals like money, prestige, and the means of obtaining such goals. As a result, different societies have different acceptable means for pursuing individual goals. Therefore, the theory argues that deviant behavior results from the choices made by different people in pursuit of their life goals . If the individuals choose to contrary to societal expectations then they exhibit deviant behavior. The control theory was proposed and developed by Travis Hirschi based on Durkheims foundation on deviance. According to the theory, people conform to societal norms because of the existing bonds in the society. Simply put, relationships between people determine the extent of deviant behavior in that society because social bonds control societal mannerisms (Stuart, p: 112). It is notable that personal relationships are characterized by elements such as attachment, commitment, belief, and involvement. The aforementioned elements could either promote or discourage deviant behavior. For example, a child who was raised in a family with strict moral expectations is likely to restrain from deviant behavior. On the contrary, a child raised by a street gang is likely to engage in deviant social behavior. A child who was raised in in a moral family, the contrary to a child who was raised in a street gang, is attached, committed, and beliefs in the family standards. Thus, the child will restrict to actions accepted by the family to maintain the family bond. Another theory that explains the origin of deviant behavior is the differential association theory. According to this theory, deviant behavior arises from different social groups within a society. A typical society will have both people who perform their actions in accordance to societal expectations and people who behave contrary to societal norms. Therefore, an individual will portray deviant behavior because his/her social group. Andersen et al., (172) argues that the ratio of non-deviant and deviant behavior affects the ability of a society to include individuals with deviant behavior. This is because someone who associates with people of non-deviant behavior will portray non-deviant behavior. On the contrary, someone who associates with people of deviant behavior will also exhibit deviant behavior. It follows that a society is likely to experience different levels of deviant behavior depending on the types of social groups within that society. The labeling theory is also important to sociologists because it helps them understand deviance. Unlike the strain theory, the control theory, and the differential association theory, the labeling theory explains why deviance is comparative (Kornblum and Carolyn, p: 125 ). Simply put, the labeling theory explains why two people may break the social norm yet only one of them will be identified as a deviant member of the society. According to this theory, deviant behavior exists in a society because members of the society choose to identify others with deviant behavior. For instance, the societys expectation of human sexual responsibility is a good example that explains the labeling theory. It is because the society always labels females who become pregnant out of wedlock as deviant members of the society. On the contrary, males who engage in sexual ac tivity outside marriage portray deviant behavior. It follows that the society could identify some of its members with deviant behavior and some of s members with non-deviant behavior for performing the same action.Causes of Deviance It is clear that portraying behavior that is contrary to societal norms always results in deviance. In simple terms, cultural norms can help sociologists identify deviant and non-deviant behavior. It is notable that Bogdan and Taylor (34) argue that cultural and societal norms are the leading cause of deviance in society. Consider the following example. The Japanese business culture expects certain responses when exchanging business cards. According to the Japanese business culture, a giver of a business card should present the card to a recipient with the givers details facing the recipient. The recipient is in turn expected to ask something about the details written on the card even when it is unnecessary. Such a response implies the recipient apprecia tes the giver of the business card and will contact the giver if need arises. Failure to respond effectively demonstrates that either the giver or the recipient is deviant. Another cause for deviance to the society is personal traits. According to Bodgan and Taylor (p: 34) an individual may be labeled deviant based on physical traits. This owes to the reality that the authors conducted a study on a Twenty-five-year-old Molly who could not talk or walk. Molly also had large ears, a large nose, a tiny head, and a sloping brow. The results indicated that most members of Mollys society identified Molly as deviant. It follows that deviance is not only based on mannerisms, but is also based on physical traits. As further evidence, Erving Goffman, who is a renowned sociologist, argued that physical appearance and ability could also result in deviance. For example, fat people could be categorized as deviant based on their physical appearance. Therefore, mannerisms and personal traits are t he main causes of deviance in society.The Impact of Deviance It is crucial to highlight that deviance affects our society. For instance, deviance is known to cause stigma. A study completed by Stuber et al., (2008) highlights that smoking is an unacceptable behavior in most s...

Problems of Security Personnel Dealing With...

Security personnel in dealing with confidentiality under the HIPAA (1996) The HIPAA rules apply to all personnel including security personnel. An individuals medical records and information are his or her private affair. The security personnel like other medical personnel are therefore compelled to adhere to the rules just as all medical personnel. That is because the disclosure of patient information often leads to stigma for the patients in some cases as in the case of patients suffering from AIDs or some form of mental problems. Security personnel would be more concerned with the electronic images, and electronic transfer of data. This is more so because electronic transfer is now main means of medical information exchange. The person in charge has to answer the security related questions that can occur by theft, or other means off the rule of electronic transfer or storage of sensitive medical data. (May, 1998) The rules in Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 require that organizations will create policies and procedures to prevent unauthorized access to health care information. All persons who maintain and transmit health information apply reasonable technical and physical safeguards to ensure the integrity and confidentiality of such information and unauthorized uses or disclosures. 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Descriptive Essay - Original Shores - 981 Words

Familiar Shores The waves were tauntingly calm that day, after the hurricane of fast-paced incidents that uprooted John’s life from the very beginning. He didn’t think he would have changed it, even if he had a choice. He pulled his brimmed hat further over his droopy eyes and squirmed into a more comfortable position on the makeshift hammock, recalling the very first day. John had found himself conflicted. His hands tugged through his rapidly greying hair, peppered areas of darkness disappearing more and more each day. He had never been the type of man to turn down any opportunity to aid his niece, his only remaining family, but diving to the ocean floor? He hadn’t touched his equipment in over two decades. It had been stashed away,†¦show more content†¦They laughed, and grappled playfully, daring each other to venture close to the weathered man, gathering the courage to venture close enough so that John could see the dry salt in their scraggly hair. The elders watched on carefully from the sanctuary of their homes, exuding mild hostility. John was unaffected. He had a solid goal in mind, pulsing with determination. John pulled on his diving equipment but with every turn of his back, he heard frantic scuttling and finding the source, he was met with the sight of a retreating back kicking up sand and a handful of tropical fruits left on his bag. After a while, the pile grew into a small mountain, strays rolling on the sand. It was distracting and he was annoyed. The first dive was a test dive. A warm-up. When he resurfaced, only two children remained seated next to his bag, helping themselves to the fruits. They watched him trudge back up shore, squealing as he shook water out of his hair. They crept closer and prodded his diving gear with sticky fingers. He attempted to look irritated, but their pure and innocent, if not mischievous, curiosity reminded him of his beloved niece. 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Chapter 2.Text Forms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 2.1 The descriptive text form†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 2.2 The narrative text form†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2.3 The expository text form†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2.4 The argumentative text form†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2.5 The instructive text form †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreHorace Gregory s Short ( But Perfectly Formed D. H. 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In the photograph, three bulky masses of rock are seen as if deployed on a kind of abstract, transparent chessboard, marking by their separate positions a retreating trajectory into depth. A fanatical descriptive clarity has bestowed on the bodies of these rocks a hallucinatory wealthRead MoreSummary of She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways11655 Words   |  47 Pageswrite prolifically.[7] Dorothy, Wordsworths sister, related the effect Coleridge had on her brother in a March 1798 letter: His faculties seem to expand every day, he composes with much more facility than he did, as to the mechanism [emphasis in original] of poetry, and his ideas flow faster than he can express them.[8] With his new inspiration, Wordsworth came to believe he could write poetry rivaling that of John Milton.[9] He and Coleridge planned to collaborate, but never moved beyond suggestion sRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 PagesGRIFFIN NEW YORK 65 SUCCESSFUL HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL APPLICATION ESSAYS, SECOND EDITION. Copyright  © 2009 byThe Harbus News Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. For-information, address St. Martins Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010. www.stmartins.com Library of Congress Cataloging...in..Publication Data 65 successful Harvard Business -School application essays : with analysis by the staff of The Harbus, the Harvard Business School newspaper

Lukes Three Dimensions of Power Essay Example For Students

Lukes Three Dimensions of Power Essay Lukes Three Dimensions of PowerPower serves to create power. Powerlessness serves to re-enforcepowerlessness(Gaventa,1980:256). Such is the essence of the on goingrelationship between the Powerful and the Powerless of the Appalachian Valleywhere acquiescence of the repressed has become not only common practice but away of life and a means of survival. In his novel Power and Powerlessness, JohnGaventa examines the oppressive and desperate situation of the Appalachian coalminers under the autocratic power of absentee land-owners, local elites, andcorrupt union leaders. His analyses is based on Lukes three-dimensionalunderstanding of power from his book Power: A Radical View. Gaventa applies thethree notions of power to the politics of inequalities in the Appalachian Valleyand, while demonstrating the inadequacies of the first or pluralist approachand the merits of the second and particularly the third dimensions, asserts thatthe interrelationship and reinforcing affect of all three dim ensions isnecessary for an in depth understanding of the total impact of power upon theactions or inactions and conceptions of the powerless(Gaventa:256)This essay will examine Lukes three power dimensions and theirapplicability to Gaventas account of the inequities found in the valleys of theCumberland Mountains. Reasons for the mountain peoples submission and non-participation will be recognized and their nexus with the power relationshipestablished. In this way, Gaventas dissatisfaction with the pluralist approachwill be justified and the emphatic ability of the other two dimensions towithhold issues and shape behaviour will be verified as principal agents ofPower and Powerlessness. The one dimensional view of power is often called the pluralistapproach and emphasizes the exercise of power through decision making andobservable behaviour. Robert Dahl, a major proponent of this view, definespower as occurring in a situation where A has power over B to the extent he canget B to do something that B would not otherwise do(Dahl as cited in Lukes,1974:11). As power therefore is defined in terms of B and the extent to whichA prevails is determined by its higher ratio of successes and defeats over B. Observable behaviour then becomes a key factor in the pluralist approachto power. Dahls Who Governs? expresses the pluralist belief that thepolitical arena is an open system where everyone may participate and expressgrievances which in turn lead to decision making. Those who proposealternatives and initiate issues which contribute to the decision making processare demonstrating observable influence and control over those who failed alltogether to express any interest in the political process. The Pluralist approach assumes that in an open system, all people, notjust the elite, would participate in decision making if they felt stronglyenough about an issue and wanted their values to be expressed and represented. Non-participation therefore is thought to express a lack of grievances and aconsensus with the way the leaders are already handling the system. Politicalinaction is not a problem within the one-dimensional system, it merely reflectsapathy of ordinary citizens with little interest or knowledge for politicalmatters, and their acceptance of the existing system which they see as rewardingmutual benefits to society. While politics is primarily an elite concern to the pluralist, ordinarypeople can have a say if they become organized, and everyone has indirectinfluence through the right to the franchise in the electoral process. Pluralism recognizes a heterogeneous society composed of people belonging tovarious groups with differing and competing interests. Conflict is thereforealso recognized as not only an expected result but as a necessary instrumentwhich enables the determination of a ruling class in terms of who the winner is. Dahl,(as cited in Lukes,1974:18) states:Who prevails in decision-making seems the best way to determine which individual and groups havemore power in social life because direct conflictbetween actors presents a situation most approximatingan experimental test of their capacities to affect outcome. Both Lukes and Gaventa put forward the notion that restricting youranalyses of a power situation to the one dimensional model can skew yourconclusions. If you limit yourself to this approach your study will be impairedby a pluralistic biased view of power. Where the first dimension sees power inits manifest functions of decision making over key issues raising observableconflict due to policies raised through political participation, it ignores theunobservable mechanisms of power that are sometimes just as or even moreimportant. Many times power is exercised to prevent an issue from being raised andto discourage participation in the political arena. Potential issues andgrievances are therefore not voiced and to assume this means that they do notexist would be an outright deviation from fact. By restricting analyses to whatis expressed and to observable behaviour and overt conflict only, you miss anypreference not expressed because of fear of sanctions, manipulation, coercionand force. This critique of the behaviourial focus and the recognition ofunobservable factors of power is discussed in the two-dimensional view of powerdeveloped by Bachrach and Baratz by which power is exercised not just uponparticipants within the decision making process but also towards the exclusionof certain participants and issues altogether(Schattsneider, as cited inLukes,1974:16). This theory proposes that political organizations develop amobilization of bias in favour of the exploitation of certain kinds ofconflict and the suppression of others some issues are organized in whileothers are organized out(Ibid.,16). The first dimension claims there is an open system and althoughadmitting that political resources are not distributed equally, they are alsonot centralized in one groups hands. Everyone has the opportunity to use otherresources and be heard. The second approach however, sees a monopolistic systemof inequalities created and maintained by the dominant power. The elite havethe means and the political resources to prevent political action that would notbenefit themselves and to push forward those that would. The Elite thereforedetermine the agenda of both decision making and non-decision making and in sodoing establish their dominance and the subordinance and compliance of those onthe bottom of the power hierarchy. Although the two dimensional approach to power delves deeper than thefirst into the nature of power and powerlessness by involving analyses ofpotential issues, grievances, nondecision-making and non-participation, BothLukes and Gaventa find that it is on the same level as the first dimension inthat it also emphasizes observable conflict only.Of course it is true thatthe first does stress only overt while the second stresses both overt and/orcovert conflict. Nonetheless, an affinity between the two results in theirbelief that where there is conflict, there is an element of power in decisionmaking and, for the second dimension, in nondecision-making. Barach and Baratz(as cited in Lukes,1974:19) states that if there is no conflict, overt orcovert, the presumption must be that there is consensus on the prevailingallocation of values, in which case nondecision-making is impossible. Here,there is obviously no consideration of latent conflict or attention as to howinterests not consciously articulated may fit into the power relationship. Lukes identifies manipulation and authority as two forms of power whichdo not necessarily involve evident conflict. People abide by the power ofauthority because they either respect or accept its legitimacy. Compliance tothe power of manipulation often goes unrecognized by the conformer because focusis placed on irrelevant matters and the key aim is downplayed. In neither isthere observable (overt or covert) conflict, but latent conflict occurs becausethe individual may be agreeing to something contrary to their interests withouteven knowing. The three dimensional view of power then, criticizes the behaviourialfocus of the first two dimensions and adopts the consideration of hidden socialforces and conflict which exercise influence by shaping the consciousness of theindividual or organization. This view strays from the others in that it focusesnot only on decisions and nondecisions but on other ways to control thepolitical agenda which are not made deliberately by the choice of individuals orgroups. The third mechanism of power seeks to identify the means through whichpower influences, shapes or determines conceptions of necessities, possibilities,and strategies of challenge in situation of conflict(Gaventa,1980:15). Inother words, it involves specifying how A gets B to believe and choose to act ina way that reinforces the bias of the system, advancing the cause of A andimpairing that of B, usually in the form of compliance. Such processes can take place in a direct and intended way through mediaand communication. A takes control of the information channels and B issocialized into accepting, believing and even supporting the political notionsinstilled by A. The shaping of individuals conceptions can also take placeindirectly or even unintentionally through ones membership in a social structure. Patterns of behaviour, norms and accepted standards apparent in the action andinaction of the group are automatically adopted. Social legitimations aredeveloped around the dominant, and instilled as beliefs or roles in thedominated (Gaventa,1980:15). Passive acceptance of situations or circumstances that are in conflictwith ones interests occur even when the subordinated realise they are beingrepressed. They submit quietly because of fear of sanctions but also becausethey have gone through a psychological adaptation to the state of being withoutpower (Gaventa:16). They recognize their powerlessness and see no possibilityto reverse it and therefore submit to their hopeless situation with lethargicacceptance. Iliad Aias EssayWithin the Appalachian area itself there developed a local elite who rankednext in the class hierarchy. They were the men of wealth, and fine backgrounds,and politics was not new for them(Gaventa,1980:59). They were usually those inpositions of political leadership where they could benefit the company andpromote its best interests. Next were a class of small entrepreneurs andprofessionals who were attracted to the booming city by its promising commercialfuture. The bottom of the hierarchy consisted of labourers, miners and othermanual labour workers. This class was composed mainly of those who wereoriginally from the region and had come from a rural background, while theupper classes had been derived primarily of those attracted to the areabecause of its economic potential. Mobility was of a horizontal nature, thecoming together in one area of various representatives of pre-existing stratafrom other areas(Gaventa,1980:57). The workers were therefore destined to poverty and inequality, but alsohad to endure such things as poor and even dangerous working conditions with fewhealth benefits and little compensation. And one cannot forget the ongoingdemise of their valley as entire mountain sides were stripped away and the airand water were blackened with millions of tiny coal particles. Why then, in this state of economic, social and even environmentaldepravation did the people not cry out with enough strength to be heard? Whilenearby mining communities experiencing similar conditions responded withmilitant, collective organizations, Middlesborough expressed grievances butnever took the form of organized action or went as far as creating aconsciousness of the situation. The first, second and third dimensions of powerwould give different reasons for this in answering how the Association was ableto maintain the new order they had created and the quiescence of a peopleamongst their condition of poverty and inequality. The pluralist approach would recommend using the democratic politicalprocess of the electoral system in determining the legitimacy of those in powerand of their policies and practices. If the leaders who have been elected bythe people and for the people do not voice concerns about the existing system orthe desire for change, it must be assumed that there were no concerns butinstead an overall approval of the status quo. The people of Middlesborough hada choice between local and Company candidates and with few exceptionscontinued to place their support in the latter. Even within their own unionswhere leadership had become increasingly dictatorial and Company biased, theworkers remained loyal to the existing leaders and opposed the reform movement. By considering only the face value of voting practices, one would haveto agree that the Appalachian miners appear to be in accordance with themanagement of the existing system and their place within it. The seconddimension of power would disagree, however, and would explain the maintenance ofthe system and the compliance of the people as a result of the Companys controlover the political apparatus. The longstanding political science maxim that low socio-economic status,poor education and lack of information, translate into low politicalparticipation would be admissible in the second dimensional view. The elitemade up a closely-knit group of political leaders in Appalachia who madedecisions to advance their causes more than those of the Mountaineers. Therewas little regard for what law there was and money ruled theday(Gaventa,1980:59). This could help explain why Acts were passed to protectthe rights of the Company while demands for miners rights rarely even made it tothe courthouse. This supports the view that non-participation was not theresult of apathy but of a caste system, and that non-issues did not mean lack ofgrievances but lack of opportunity to voice them. This does not, however, support the documented cases where workersthemselves did participate, although minimally, and wilfully voted forcandidates who were backers of the Company. This discrepancy can, nevertheless,be explained with Bachrach and Baratzs use of the term power in its sense asthe securing of compliance through the threat of sanctions(Lukes,1974:17). Fear is thus presented as reason enough for the mountaineers to express supportin the form of a vote, even though it is not an accurate portrayal of theirposition. Traditional political dominance in the Clearfork Valley belonged to agroup of local landowners called The Family who maintained their powerposition by serving as mediators between the Company and community gainingfurther power as brokers of favours concerning jobs or hometenure(Gaventa,1980:143). The Family was associated with Company housing,welfare and employment, and in order to receive any benefits, one had to be intheir good graces. Even now, people say those who live in company housing orwork in mines on company land are expected to vote in the Familysfavour(Gaventa,1982:143). As brokers of benefits, they were also capable of taking them away andimposing sanctions. Many, for example, would not spend their food stampsanywhere but the Company store where prices were higher, with the fear that theywould lose their welfare or even be evicted as a consequence. The people weretherefore quite aware that by accommodating the Company leaders with theirsupport, they stood a chance at being granted certain benefits. Conversely, ifone were to advance the cause of the reform movement and upset the system, lifecould be made very difficult for them. While the benefits of the status quoare high for the powerful, the costs of challenge are potentially higher for thepowerless (Gaventa, 1980: 145). Lukes second dimension of power explains how the Association was able tomaintain its dominance and the quiescence of the people in terms of creating apolitical apparatus to organize certain issues and participants in, and othersout, as well as impose recognizable sanctions. Further analyses, however, wouldrequire a look at the less obvious controls which stemmed from the shaping andinstilling of an ideological apparatus in support of the Company among theordinary citizens. This would describe Lukes third dimension where power is executed in amore subtle way. It is one which shapes the outcome of choice while allowingthe chooser to believe that, in fact, a choice has been made(Gaventa,1980:63). The Mountaineers non-challenge then, although appearing to be a freely chosenstate of quiescence was actually more of an imposed choice. By both deliberateand unintentional means, the consciousness of the people was slanted to adoptthe newly created Industrial ideology. Gaventa identifies four observable waysthat the Association was able to maintain their hegemony. Conditioning the peoples wants involved first a perversion ofinformation which exaggerated benefits of the industrial order and downplayedits oppressive effects upon them. The mountain valley had drawn in millions ofdollars, attracted all kinds of investors, and created hundreds of jobs. Inaddition to this it also became a vacation ground for thewealthy(Gaventa,1980:63) where luxurious hotels were built and a new leisureclass developed. This lifestyle contrasted drastically with that of the labourers livingin dilapidated shacks, yet a working class consciousness failed to develop. This is because an equal opportunity ethic was emphasized, stressing the beliefthat by hard work these benefits were attainable by all. Social stratificationwas therefore accepted by most workers and instead of participating equally,they chose to splurge what little money they had on alcohol which was the onlyway they knew to replicate the pattern (of enjoyment of luxuries) in a lesserstyle(Gaventa,1980:65). The appeal of the new industrial orderand its economic benefits was enhanced by the debasement of the mountaineerstraditional way of life and culture. The two were in direct contrast so theglorification of the first meant the degradation of the other. The old culturewas criticized as a dirty, primitive and meagre way of life while the new orderwas proclaimed for its virtues of civilization and progress. Miners weretherefore socialized to strive for membership under the new order and to beashamed of the old. Imposing values took on a third form in the process of changing names oftowns, schools and other cultural establishments. Names that had been familiarto the old system were changed to those derived from the new. Only Companyworkplaces and mines kept their local names. In this way, ties to the past weresevered and a clear path for a new society was created. Symbols play animportant part in the way people interpret their society. By manipulatinglinguistic symbols the Association was shaping the societal consciousness. Bythe imposition of one identity over another in the cultural arena, and byallowing names to lend the appearance of local possession in the workplace arena(where there was none at all) the development of a counter-hegemony was madeless likely(Gaventa,1980:67). The creation of a set of controls in the form of political andideological constructs resulted in a shaping and influencing away from (themountaineers) stock to participation in the ways and values of the neworder(Gaventa,1980:68). Conformity to the extent where contradictions ofconscience go unnoticed because workers are no longer certain of theirorientation occurred repeatedly and was the main reason challenge was rare. It must be noted, however, that the workers of Middlesborough were notcompletely inact

Satire in Oranges Arent the Only Fruit and Picka Pocketoni Essay Example

Satire in Oranges Arent the Only Fruit and Picka Pocketoni Paper In Oranges Arent The Only Fruit and Picka Pocketoni, the authors Jeanette Winterson and David Sedaris created the idea of satire to mock a stereotype. The stereotype being mocked was that same sexes couldnt be together and how certain people, in this case the French, smelled or acted a certain way. They used examples of diction and hyperboles cto compare and contrast similar and different tones between the two. Throughout both the stories that were told, they tried to make it so the audience could find humor of some sort. In other words, Sedaris and Winterson both set two different types of tones in their writing. To start it off, Sedaris was using hyperbole,which is not to be taken literally,to exemplify to the readers that people assume things and are stereotypical people. They are stereotypical because they are following based off what society sets the expectations for people. In Picka Pocketoni, an American, Martin, was on the train with his wife in Paris and noticed an odor. Based off of poor judgement, Martin assumed that due to David not having a pleasurable scent that he was French. It is known to society that French people dont bathe. Although David was not French, Martin was being ignorant and assumed it; David was American as well. Since Martin was American, a stereotype was set for him in addition. American tourists are arrogant, ignorant, and unconcerned of other cultures. It was noticeable that Martin didnt know what he was talking about and was judging a book by its cover. Martins wife said, Do they all smell this bad?. In other words, the author is conveying that people act st ereotypical. As a result, David Sedaris created his idea of satire mocking a stereotype. For Picka Pocketoni, David states, I was a stinkpot and a thief, then later says, another few minutes and he might decide I was a crack dealer and white slaver. The author was not being literal and seriously meant that he was those things We will write a custom essay sample on Satire in Oranges Arent the Only Fruit and Picka Pocketoni specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Satire in Oranges Arent the Only Fruit and Picka Pocketoni specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Satire in Oranges Arent the Only Fruit and Picka Pocketoni specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Brevity in Speech and Writing

Brevity in Speech and Writing Brevity is shortness in duration and/or conciseness of expression in a  speech  or a  written text. Contrast with verbosity. Brevity is generally considered a stylistic virtue as long as its not achieved at the expense of clarity. Examples and Observations If you would be pungent, be brief; for it is with words as with sunbeamsthe more they are condensed, the deeper they burn.(Robert Southey)Brevity is a great charm of eloquence.(Cicero)How brief? Well, as brief as possible but not so brief that the message doesnt get across. But messages vary so. Beat it! is short enough but very long when you reckon in the attitude that comes with it. . . . Brevity, then, depends on the message. . .Brevity, in most human communication, remains a variable governed by social relationships as much as by factual baggage. One is brief in all kinds of ways, and Poloniuss objection, This is too long, always means Too long for this person, place, and time.(Richard Lanham, Analyzing Prose, 2nd ed. Continuum, 2003)[S]ince brevity is the soul of wit,And tediousness the limbs and outward flourishes,I will be brief . . ..(Polonius in William Shakespeares Hamlet, Act 2, scene 2)There are no hard and fast rules in writing for the ear, but after more than fifty year s of working at it, I believe in some rough guidelines.Two of them are: short is usually better than long and dont waste words. The bank robber Willie Sutton got it right when he was asked why he robbed banks. Thats where the money is, he replied. Have you ever heard three words that convey a message better than stick em up, or Ive had it! or Im outta here? Have you ever heard anyone express himself better, faster, or more to the point than the judge who had the following exchange in his courtroom: As God is my judge, the defendant said, I am not guilty. To which the magistrate answered, Hes not! I am! You are!Now thats good writing. No unnecessary adverbs or adjectives, just telling it like it is. Dont be afraid to write the way people talk.(Don Hewitt, Tell Me a Story: Fifty Years and 60 Minutes in Television, PublicAffairs, 2001) Brevity in Presentations Edit ruthlessly. Brevity, always a virtue, is doubly so when youre trying to avoid watering down your impact. Matt Eventoff, principal of Princeton Public Speaking, in Princeton, N.J., says: This is stuff we’ve all known instinctivelyanyone who’s sat in a corporate meeting over the past 20 years, with slide after slide after slide of information. It can be very powerful information, but it’s overwhelmingyou don’t know what it’s saying. Are we in good shape or in bad shape? You can’t tell. When all the points of your presentation don’t back up your streamlined theme, you really risk losing people and also potentially turning them off. (Christopher Bonanos, Quit While Youre Ahead. Bloomberg Businessweek, Dec. 3-Dec. 9, 2012) Brevity and Conciseness Brevity is often used indifferently with conciseness; but when any difference is implied, then properly speaking, brevity refers to the matter, conciseness to the style. In fact, when brevity of style is spoken of, it may be considered synonymous with conciseness. Strictly speaking, however, brevity merely implies the use of few words, while conciseness implies a great deal of matter concentrated in a small space. (Elizabeth Jane Whately, A Selection of English Synonyms, 1852) Brevity and Clarity It must be recognized that it is very difficult for those giving attention to brevity also to give due care to clarity; for often we either make the language unclear for the sake of clarity or for claritys sake we have to speak at length. It is necessary, then, to be on the lookout whether the brevity is proportional, neither leaving out anything necessary nor including more than is needed. (Nicolaus the Sophist, quoted by George A. Kennedy in Progymnasmata: Greek Textbooks of Prose Composition and Rhetoric. Society of Biblical Literature, 2003) Safires Contrarian View of Brevity Every book on writing you can find these days says essentially the same thing: keep it short. Take it a bite at a time. Dispense with the adjectival frills. Put the punch in the verb and not the adverb (he added weakly). Edit, edit, edit, and avoid repetition. Less is more, spare is fair. . . Maybe we are going overboard. The burst of the business memo, the snap-and-spit of the television news bite, the mincing sentences of post-Hemingway novelistsall have led to the canonization of brevity.. Introduce it, lay it out, sum it up. The dash is dead. It is not for nothing, as the Communists say, that the hottest word in communication is briefing. (William Safire, Introduction: Watch My Style. Language Maven Strikes Again. Doubleday, 1990) The Lighter Side of Brevity People whose vision is perfect in every other respect suffer from a curious astigmatism which prevents them from recognizing a stopping point when they come to it. We suggest to some ingenious inventor that he devise a combination of time clock and trip hammer by which a dull, blunt instrument shall be liberated at the end of five minutes so that it may fall with great force, killing the after dinner speaker and amusing the spectators. (Heywood Broun, We Have With Us This Evening. Pieces of Hate and Other Enthusiasms. Charles H. Doran, 1922)[Calvin Coolidges] most celebrated trait was his taciturnity. An oft-told story, which has never been verified, is that a woman sitting next to him at dinner gushed, Mr. President, my friend bet me that I wouldnt be able to get you to say three words tonight. You lose, the president supposedly responded.(Bill Bryson, One Summer: America, 1927. Doubleday, 2013) EtymologyFrom the Latin, short

Criminal Justice Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal Justice Portfolio - Essay Example It may also encompass legal guarantees of access to information, protection of journalists, public’s limited access to the media and right of reply or correction†. Discussion: My position on the issue is that the press should be given complete freedom to function within its own framework of guidelines, and there should be restrictions only on careless or false reporting. My opinion is correct because the public has the right to the true facts of any information of significance, and transparency will ensure decline in corruption. According to the Final Annotated Survey of the State of the First Amendment (2005: p.2), the results show that 47% of the public felt that the amount of freedom the press enjoyed was â€Å"about right†, 39% felt that the press had too much freedom, too little freedom was the verdict of only 10%, and the remaining 4% did not know. The viewpoint of the majority is supported by McQuail (2003: p.54) who states that social responsibility theory became an essential point of reference in the growing trend towards the professionalization and self-regulation of the press. Conclusion: The small minority of the public who believe that the press should have less freedom should consider one important reason for freedom of the press: that those in high public office, in businesses or in responsible social posts will need to show results, and also keep free from wrongdoings. Introduction: According to Klay; Sewell (1996: p.241) development and application of criminal justice technology for the purpose of individual liberty is possible only in communities that share and perpetuate democratic norms. Emphasizing on â€Å"responsible use†, the democratic communitarian theory requres the use of technology to strengthen unity within the community, while exercising restraint and avoiding the creation of potentially threatening technologies. Discussion: My

Unit 4 assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 4 assignment - Essay Example 4. The criminal investigation department has ruled Medicare fraud as a form of crime. What are the views of the people concerning the criminalization of Medicare fraud? (a) Do people consider Medicare fraud as a criminal activity? (b) Do people blame the authority for their misfortunes? A hypothesis is statement that provides a tentative answer to the research problems according to the proposed research designs and methodology (Creswell, 2008). The following statements represent our hypothesis for the quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research methods respectively. 1. The choice of the hypothesis was based on the role of government in providing basic healthcare to the citizens. The hypothesis provides a tentative answer to research questions that are related to the role of the medical authority in ensuring equitable healthcare services. In addition, the hypothesis provides a direct comparison between the two main research variables. 2. The qualitative research approach provides answers to research questions that cannot be answered through a quantitative approach. The choice of the research question and hypothesis was based on their ability to respond to questions that are related to the society. Although it is impossible to determine the extent to which different institutions contribute to healthcare fraud, it is necessary to determine reasons that contribute to Medicare fraud through the qualitative approach. 3. In the mixed method approach, a researcher will be concerned with the relationship between quantitative and qualitative research outcomes (Creswell, 2008). Thus, the research questions and hypothesis designated for the mixed methods section provide tentative relationship between different research variables and the respective social

Children with Linguistic Differences Essay Example for Free

Children with Linguistic Differences Essay In today’s classroom, it is common to have a student who speaks English as a second language. The teachers today should have knowledge of linguistic diversity and apply what they know to assist those children. According to our text, language is one of the aspects that define diversity and it is one of the fundamental tools of cultural acquisition and a part of a child’s cultural identity (Robles de Melendez Beck, 2009). As educators, we must assure those children who speak English as a second language have the same education as English speaking children. In a child’s learning environment, no matter what language that child speaks, they should be comfortable and familiar with the things that surround them. It is important to label a child’s environment with the different languages that the children speak in the classroom. If a child’s native language is Spanish, French or German, there should be a corresponding labels in that language on shelves, tables, toys and doors. Other materials that is used in a classroom that assist with linguistic diversity is age appropriate books, printed materials such as newspapers, flyers and signs in different languages and music from diverse cultures (Robles de Melendez, 2009). When you have a classroom of different languages, it is necessary to understand what is going on in the children’s mind as you speak a language that they are not familiar or comfortable with. We need to understand, expect, and feel comfortable with the natural responses (e.g., laughter, first language use, silence and fatigue) that occur when our students  participate in interactions in which they are not completely proficient in their language (Curran, 2003). Teachers should respect the fact that students that are English Language Learners or ELL may want to speak their native language. It could get frustrating at first trying to learn and understand what they are saying but it is the say when the tables are turned and the student get frustrated when they do not understand what the teacher is saying. Individual lesson plans can be used to connect with a child and build their language skills. Themed lesson plans also help children connect with their own language. In any classroom, educators must not assume what a child knows or what they need to know. Assessments must be done to know what steps are needed to teach the children in the class. This is especially important when you have children with linguistic diversity. Teachers of young children in today’s diverse classrooms need to confirm that their teaching strategies meet the needs of their students (Robles de Melendez Beck, 2009). To make sure that the teachers are getting the right information, the classroom should be assessed for linguistic diversity. Some ways to do this is to talk to the parents and family members, doing observations of bilingual interactions and using questionnaires and surveys. Once you know what kind of diversity you have in the classroom, then the classroom should be analyzed to figure out how to teach the students. This is done by assessing the topics that are taught, how they are taught and what resources are used to teach. It is important to maintain open communication with the child’s parents and families. We as educators should not try to eliminate the child’s first language but preserve it and assist them with the second language. Through different activities geared towards a child’s first language will help keep the child culture meaningful. Parent can assist by singing songs in their native language or just playing games that are native to their country. Continue to invite the families into the program to allow them to share their experiences with the classroom and this would help the children and families feel welcomed. There are two typed of knowledge that is necessary to teach linguistic diversity and they are the knowledge of practices of second language acquisition and the knowledge of cultural ideas. Having the mere knowledge of how important it is to preserve the first language and acquire the second language and knowing a little something about the culture that is being taught. As early childhood educators, it must be understood that the role that language plays in the life of a child vital to their learning environment. It is important that children with linguistic differences be supported. Through the classroom environment, experiences, assessments, keeping an open communication with the parents and the information that the teacher knows, the children will be able to get the best education not matter whether English is their first or second language. References Curran, M. (2003). Linguistic Diversity and Classroom Management. Theory Into Practice, 42(4), 334-340. Robles de Martinez, W., Beck, V. (2009). Teaching young children in multicultural classrooms: Issues, concepts, and strategies. (3 ed.). Belmont, Canada: Wadsworth.

Francios Rabelias Essay -- essays research papers

In Italy, early 1300s, a cultural movement began. This period of time is known as the Renaissance, an age of reborn interest in the arts. During this time artist emerged with paintings that recognized daily life, in contrast with paintings of holy and importain people just a few years earlier. Artist began to paint in three dimensions, writers began write satires, and they started blending their opinions into their stories. They became concerned with human welfare, humanism. “ Humanism was a program of study rather than a unified philosophy. It stressed the studia humanitatis, or humanities, which included grammar, rhetoric (the art of persuasive argument), poetry, history, and moral philosophy. It was designed to make the Christian well-rounded and virtuous. '; People like Michangelo, Leonardo da Vinchi, Lorenzo de Medici, Raphael,and St. Thomas More were humanists. They were concerned with human welfare, this is the reason why it is represented in there works. The one I am going to focus on is Francios Rabelias. Rabelias was a writer. Over time many of the information we have about him as been lost or destroyed. “We have most of his works, but it is believed there is more. '; Below I have listed a believed chronology of Rabelias, it may have inaccurate due the lack of information on Rabelias. “1494 Now the Generally accepted date of Rabelias’s birth, although at times it has been published back as far as 1483. Born at La Devini...

Bad Sugar Essay

Unnatural Causes In this video â€Å"Bad Sugar† the Pima and Tohono O’odham Indians of southern Arizona have the highest diabetes rate in the world. This affects more then half the adults in this Indian group, but a century ago diabetes wasn’t even heard of. What has happened to the health of the Pima Indians? During the 20th century the river water was used by white settlers and Pima’s local Indians went into poverty and became dependent on the U. S. government. This resulted in the Indians eating tepary beans, cholla buds and wild life these everyday ood items changed to white flour, lard, processed cheese and canned foods. Needless to say this had a big impact on the Pima Indians. This exclusive documentary shows crucial evidence on how we pour more money into drugs, fad diets, medical technologies, but is it deeper then that? Evidence shows there’re more to bad habits and unlucky genes. If we can find a solution to poverty we can solve many of the problems that individuals deal with on a day-to-day bases. As a future educator I will teach them strategies and help improve their daily exercise. Teaching hem strategies will help them to become independent with their exercise as well as quality nutrition and realize how truly Important It Is, which should lower the diabetic rate. Goals: 1 . Promote healthy lifestyles to prevent risk factors for pre-dlabetes, diabetes, heart disease, and stroke 2. Improve the detection, control and treatment of risk factors and pre-diabetes for the prevention of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke 3. Improve the detection, control and treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular disease to prevent complications and disabilities and reduce the severity and progression of disease

Double consciousness Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Sarah Bruer Writing 140 The Stain of Double Consciousness Double Consciousness has and will always play a dominant role in the relationship between one race and another. By its very nature, race relations are most often the artificial imposition of anothers viewpoint on a specific group of people as well as an individual. This creates an echo in the mind, a second guessing of actions primed with the question, "What will they think? " W. E.B Du Bois coined the term in his 1903 book, The Souls of Black Folk, as, "... this sense of always looking at one’s self through the eyes of others" (Du Bois 2). The key word is artificial and once this is realized the concept of double consciousness becomes a tool for positive change and growth. This places the responsibility squarely on the shoulders of the individual, since double consciousness solely exists within the individual. This realization becomes a useful means in dealing with problems of identity and race in America. This view i s supported by both Mr. Du Bois and John H. McWhorter, author of Double Consciousness in Black America. There is another book, a Phillip Roth Novel, The Human Stain, which has some relevance here. We will write a custom essay sample on Double consciousness or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The main character, Coleman Silk, a long career college professor at some prestigious New England University, come to understand the real meaning of double consciousness for both Blacks and Whites. He is Professor of Classics and was installed as Dean of Faculty, the first Jew to attain that position even as late as 1998. One eventful day, noticing the same two empty desks in his classroom for a couple of weeks, he finally asks rhetorically to the class if these two students exist, "or are they just spooks. " Turns out these students, whom he has never seen, are Black and Coleman Silk is asked to resign. Theres just one more thing, a secret. The author gives you a hint in his name: Coleman (Coal / Black) Silk (White), is actually an African American that has been "passing" for White all these years, and a White Jew no less (Roth 2000). The irony is clear and it exists in the double-conscious minds of the Black community today. Coleman Silks predica ment goes to the core of double consciousness, this double standard in not only applicable to African Americans, but to any race of human beings trying to live side by side with another. In this instance Coleman chooses to "opt-out" of his birth race and assumes the identity of a White Jew. Why would he do that? It is the conviction that â€Å"†¦ the ills of Black America can be undone only by Whites, rather than by Blacks themselves† (McWhorter 14).